The safety of sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors and trends in clinical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with left ventricular assist devices.

BACKGROUND: The safety and impact of sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are unknown. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent LVAD Heart Mate 3 (HM3) implantation at a single medical center and received SGLT2-I therapy following surgery was conducted. LVAD parameters, medical therapy, laboratory tests, echocardiography, and right heart catheterization (RHC) study results were recorded and compared before and after initiation of SGLT2-I. RESULTS: SGLT2-I medications were initiated in 29 (21%) of 138 patients following HM3 implantation (23 (79%) received Empagliflozin and 6 (21%) Dapagliflozin). The mean age at the time of LVAD implantation was 62 ± 6.7 years, 25 (86%) were male, and 23 (79%) had diabetes mellitus. The median time from HM3 implantation to SGLT2-I initiation was 108 days, IQR (26-477). Following SGLT2-I therapy, the daily dose of furosemide decreased from 47 to 23.5 mg/day (mean difference = 23.5 mg/d, 95% CI 8.2-38.7, p = 0.004) and significant weight reduction was observed (mean difference 2.5 kg, 95% CI 0.7-4.3, p = 0.008). Moreover, a significant 5.6 mm Hg reduction in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) was measured during RHC (95% CI 0.23-11, p = 0.042) in a subgroup of 11 (38%) patients. LVAD parameters were similar before and after SGLT2-I initiation (p > 0.2 for all). No adverse events were recorded during median follow-up of 354 days, IQR (206-786). CONCLUSION: SGLT2-I treatment is safe in LVAD patients and might contribute to reduction in patients sPAP.

Evaluation of coronary disease among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is common among elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Current guidelines recommend performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of any > 70% proximal coronary lesions prior to TAVI. AIMS: To evaluate the outcomes of two diagnostic approaches for CCS clearance pre-TAVI and to determine the reduction in the need of invasive angiography (IA). METHODS: We investigated 2219 patients undergoing TAVI for severe aortic stenosis at two large centers with different pre-procedural strategies for CCS assessment: pre-TAVI computed tomography angiography (CTA) with selective invasive angiography according to CTA results or mandatory IA. We preformed propensity score matching analysis using a 1:1 ratio. The final study cohort included 870 matched patients. Peri-procedural complications were documented according to the VARC-2 criteria. Mortality rates were prospectively documented. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 82 ± 7, of whom 55% were female. Patients in the IA group had significantly higher rates of pre-TAVI PCI compared to the CTA group (39% vs. 22%, p < 0.001). Following TAVI, peri-procedural myocardial infarction (MI) rates were similar between the two groups (0.3% vs. 0.7%, p value = 0.41), but spontaneous MI were significantly lower among the IA group (0% vs. 1.3%, p value = 0.03). Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis found that the cumulative probability of 1-year morality was similar between the two groups (p value log rank = 0.65). Cox regression analysis did not find association between CCS clearance strategy and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, CTA-driven approach for CCS evaluation pre-TAVI is a valid strategy with similar outcome as compared to invasive approach. CTA strategy significantly reduces invasive procedures rates without compromising patient's outcome.

Elevated Native T1 Values in the Remote Myocardium Supplied by Obstructive Non-Infarct Related Coronary Arteries in Post-STEMI Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

INTRODUCTION: Native T1 mapping values are elevated in acutely injured myocardium. We sought to study whether native T1 values, in the non-infarct related myocardial territories, might differ when supplied by obstructive or nonobstructive coronary arteries. METHODS: Consecutive patients (N = 60, mean age 59 years) with the first STEMI following primary percutaneous coronary intervention, underwent cardiac magnetic resonance within 5 ± 2 days. A retrospective review of coronary angiography reports classified coronary arteries as infarct-related coronary artery (IRA) and non-IRA. Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as stenosis ≥50%. Native T1 values were presented using a 16-segment AHA model according to the three main coronary territories: left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA). RESULTS: The cutoff native T1 value for predicting obstructive non-IRA LAD was 1,309 msec with a sensitivity and specificity of 67% and 82%, respectively (AUC 0.76, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95, p = 0.04). The cutoff native T1 value for predicting obstructive non-IRA RCA was 1,302 msec with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 55%, respectively (AUC 0.7, 95% CI: 0.52-0.87, p = 0.05). Logistic regression model adjusted for age and infarct size demonstrated that native T1 was an independent predictor for the obstructive non-IRA LAD (OR 4.65; 1.32-26.96, p = 0.05) and RCA (OR 3.70; 1.44-16.35, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Elevated native T1 values are independent predictors of obstructive non-IRA in STEMI patients. These results suggest the presence of concomitant remote myocardial impairment in the non-infarct territories with obstructive CAD.

First report of myocarditis in two patients with COVID-19 Omicron variant: case report.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics. Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant is the cause for the surge of the COVID-19 pandemics of the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, although its subvariants are responsible for the following daily increase of COVID-19 cases in July 2022. Early reports of Omicron variant confirmed patients indicated less severe disease course compared with the disease caused by previously encountered variants with absence of data regarding cardiac involvement by Omicron. Case summary: A 42-year-old male who tested positive for Omicron was admitted on January 2022 with chest pain and ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads. Coronary angiography revealed non-significant coronary artery disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated features consistent with myocarditis with involvement of 22% of the left ventricular mass by late gadolinium enhancement involving both the lateral and the septal walls. The second patient is a 60-year-old male presented following syncope and palpitations after he was confirmed with Omicron infection. Upon emergency department arrival he had ventricular tachycardia of 250 beats/minute and underwent urgent cardioversion. During his hospitalization, there was no recurrence of malignant arrhythmia, coronary angiography revealed non-obstructive disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated imaging features suggesting acute myocarditis with involvement of 19% of the left ventricular mass. Discussion: This is the first report of myocarditis cases as a possible complication associated with Omicron variant. Despite preliminary reports of less severe disease clinicians should be vigilant for potential deleterious cardiac complications of Omicron.

Procedural and long-term outcome among patients undergoing expedited trans-catheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with rapidly deteriorating clinical status due to severe aortic stenosis are often referred for expedited transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Data regarding the outcome of such interventions is limited. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing expedited TAVR. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were derived from the Israeli Multicenter Registry. SUBJECTS: Subjects were divided into two groups based on procedure urgency: patients who were electively hospitalized for the procedure (N = 3140) and those who had an expedited TAVR (N = 142). Procedural and periprocedural complication rates were significantly higher among patients with an expedited indication for TAVR compared to those having an elective procedure: valve malposition 4.6% versus 0.6% (p < 0.001), procedural cardiopulmonary resuscitation 4.3% versus 1.0% (p = 0.007), postprocedure myocardial infarction 2.0% versus 0.4% (p = 0.002), and stage 3 acute kidney injury 3.0% versus 1.1%, (p < 0.001). Patients with expedited indication for TAVR had significantly higher in hospital mortality (5.6% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.003). Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis showed that patients undergoing expedited TAVR had higher 3-year mortality rates compared to patients undergoing an elective TAVR procedure (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found that patients with expedited indication had fourfolds increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 4.07, p = 0.001), and nearly twofolds increased risk of mortality at 3-year (hazard ratio: 1.69, p = 0.001) compared to those having an elective procedure. CONCLUSION: Patients with expedited indications for TAVR suffer from poor short- and long-term outcomes. It is important to characterize and identify these patients before the deterioration to perform TAVR in a fast-track pathway to minimize their procedural risk.

Peripheral artery disease, abnormal ankle-brachial index, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Objectives: Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is an independent prognostic marker of cardiovascular events among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to investigate the outcome of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and abnormal ABI. Approach and results: ABI was prospectively measured in 1,047 patients hospitalized due to ACS, who were stratified into three groups, namely, those with clinical peripheral artery disease (PAD) (N = 132), those without clinical PAD but with abnormal (< 0.9) ABI (subclinical PAD; N = 148), and those without clinical PAD with normal ABI (no PAD; N = 767). Patients were prospectively followed for 30-day major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and 1-year all-cause mortality. The mean age was 64 years. There was a significant gradual increase throughout the three groups in age, i.e., the incidence of prior stroke, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (p for trend = 0.001 for all). The in-hospital course showed a gradual rise in the incidence of complications with an increase in heart failure [2.5, 6.1, and 9.2%, (p for trend = 0.001)] and acute kidney injury [2, 4.1, and 11.5%, (p for trend = 0.001)]. At day 30, there was a stepwise increase in MACE, such that patients without PAD had the lowest rate, followed by subclinical and clinical PADs (3.5, 6.8, and 8.1%, respectively, p for trend = 0.009). Similarly, there was a significant increase in 1-year mortality from 3.4% in patients without PAD, through 6.8% in those with subclinical PAD, to 15.2% in those with clinical PAD (p for trend = 0.001). Conclusion: Subclinical PAD is associated with poor outcomes in patients with ACS, suggesting that routine ABI screening could carry important prognostic significance in these patients regardless of PAD symptoms.

Clinical Predictors for Procedural Stroke and Implications for Embolic Protection Devices during TAVR: Results from the Multicenter Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement In-Hospital Stroke (TASK) Study.

Background: Data to support the routine use of embolic protection devices for stroke prevention during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are controversial. Identifying patients at high risk for peri-procedural cerebrovascular events may facilitate effective patient selection for embolic protection devices during TAVR. Aim: To generate a risk score model for stratifying TAVR patients according to peri-procedural cerebrovascular events risk. Methods and results: A total of 8779 TAVR patients from 12 centers worldwide were included. Peri-procedural cerebrovascular events were defined as an ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack occurring ≤24 h from TAVR. The peri-procedural cerebrovascular events rate was 1.4% (n = 127), which was independently associated with 1-year mortality (hazards ratio (HR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06−2.98, p < 0.028). The TASK risk score parameters were history of stroke, use of a non-balloon expandable valve, chronic kidney disease, and peripheral vascular disease, and each parameter was assigned one point. Each one-point increment was associated with a significant increase in peri-procedural cerebrovascular events risk (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.56−2.45, p < 0.001). The TASK score was dichotomized into very-low, low, intermediate, and high (0, 1, 2, 3−4 points, respectively). The high-risk TASK score group (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.06−14.16, p = 0.001) was associated with a significantly higher risk of peri-procedural cerebrovascular events compared with the low TASK score group. Conclusions: The proposed novel TASK risk score may assist in the pre-procedural risk stratification of TAVR patients for peri-procedural cerebrovascular events.

Local Anesthesia versus Conscious Sedation among Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation-A Propensity Score Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Conscious sedation (CS) has been used successfully to treat patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and as such is considered the standard anesthesia method. The local anesthesia (LA) only approach may be feasible and safe thanks to improvements in operators' experience. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences between LA only versus CS approaches on short- and long-term outcomes among patients undergoing TAVI. METHODS: We performed a propensity score analysis on 1096 patients undergoing TAVI for severe AS. Two hundred and seventy-four patients in the LA group were matched in a ratio of 1:3 with 822 patients in the CS group. The primary outcome was a 1-year mortality rate. Secondary outcomes included procedural and peri-procedural complication rates and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Patients in the CS group had significantly higher rates of grade 2-3 acute kidney injury and were more likely to have had new left bundle branch block and high-degree atrioventricular block. Patients who underwent TAVI under CS had significantly higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates compared to LA (1.6% vs. 0.0% p-value = 0.036 and 8.5% vs. 3.3% p-value = 0.004, respectively). Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis showed that the cumulative probability of 1-year mortality was significantly higher among subjects undergoing CS compared to patients LA (p-value log-rank = 0.024). Regression analysis indicated that patients undergoing CS were twice more likely to die of at 1-year when compared to patients under LA (HR 2.18, 95%CI 1.09-4.36, p-value = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: As compared to CS, the LA-only approach is associated with lower rates of peri-procedural complications and 1-year mortality rates.

Post-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Platelet Reactivity Is Associated With the Extent of Microvascular Obstruction and Infarct Size as Determined by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Background Despite optimized medical management and techniques of primary percutaneous coronary intervention, a substantial proportion of patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) display significant microvascular damage. Thrombotic microvascular obstruction (MVO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular and subsequent myocardial damage attributed to distal embolization and microvascular platelet plugging. However, there are only scarce data regarding the effect of platelet reactivity on MVO. Methods and Results We prospectively evaluated 105 patients in 2 distinct periods (2012-2013 and 2016-2018) who presented with first ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. All patients were treated with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Blood samples were analyzed for platelet reactivity, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging scans were evaluated for late gadolinium enhancement and MVO. DAPT suboptimal response was defined as hyporesponsiveness to either aspirin or P2Y12 receptor inhibitor agents and demonstrated in 31 patients (29.5%) of the current cohort. Suboptimal platelet response to DAPT was associated with a significantly greater extent of MVO when expressed as a percentage of the left ventricular mass, left ventricular scar, and the number of myocardial left ventricular segments showing MVO (P<0.01 for each). Adjusted multivariable logistic regression model revealed that suboptimal response to DAPT is significantly associated with both greater late gadolinium enhancement (P<0.01) and MVO extent (odds ratio, 3.7 [95% CI, 1.3-10.5]; P=0.01). Patients with a greater extent of MVO were more likely to sustain major adverse cardiovascular events at a 1-year follow-up (37% versus 11%; P<0.01). Conclusions In patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, platelet reactivity in response to DAPT is a key predictor of the extent of both myocardial and microvascular damage.

Poor outcome among patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging with intermediate-zone troponin.

BACKGROUND: Intermediate zone troponin elevation is defined as one to five times the upper limit of normal. Approximately half the patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department have initial intermediate zone troponin. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the long-term outcome of patients hospitalized with chest pain and intermediate zone troponin elevation. METHODS: We investigated 8269 patients hospitalized in a tertiary center with chest pain. All patients had serial measurements of troponin during hospitalization. Patients were divided into three groups based on their initial troponin levels: negative troponin (N = 6112), intermediate zone troponin (N = 1329) and positive troponin (N = 828). All patients underwent myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) as part of the initial evaluation. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 68 ± 11, of whom 36% were women. Patients with an intermediate zone troponin were older, more likely to be males, and with significantly more cardiovascular co-morbidities. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and abnormal MPI result found that patients with intermediate zone troponin had a 70% increased risk of re-hospitalization at 1 year (HR 1.70, 95%CI 1.48-1.96, p-value < 0.001) and 5.3 times higher risk of total mortality at 1-year (HR 5.33, 95%CI 3.65-7.78, p-value < 0.001). sub-group analysis found that among the intermediate zone troponin group, patients with double intermediate zone troponin had the poorest outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Intermediate zone troponin elevation is an independent risk factor associated with adverse outcomes and therefore patients with an initial value in this range should be closely monitored and aggressively managed.

Clinical Outcome and Safety of Transcaval Access for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement as Compared to Other Alternative Approaches.

Background: A small proportion of patients in need of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are not suitable for the transfemoral approach due to peripheral artery disease. Alternative TAVR approaches are associated with short- and long-term hazards. A novel technique of caval-aortic (transcaval) access for TAVR has been utilized as an alternative access technique. Aim: To compare safety and efficacy of transcaval access as compared to other alternative access (axillary or apical) for TAVR. Methods: A single-center, retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing alternative access for TAVR. Events were adjudicated according to VARC-2 criteria. Results: A total of 185 patients were included in the present analysis. Mean age was 81 years with a small majority for male gender (54%). Of the entire cohort, 20 patients (12%) underwent transcaval TAVR, and 165 patients (82%) underwent TAVR using alternative access. Overall, baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. General anesthesia was not utilized in transcaval patients; however, it was routinely used in nearly all alternative access patients. TAVR device success was comparable between the two groups (95%). Acute kidney injury occurred significantly less frequently among transcaval patients as compared to alternative access patients (5 vs. 12%, p = 0.05). Hospital stay was shorter for transcaval patients (6.3 days vs. 14.4; p < 0.001). No difference in early or 30-day mortality (10 vs. 7.9%, p = 0.74) was noted between groups. Conclusions: In patients who cannot undergo TAVR via the trans-femoral approach due to peripheral vascular disease, transcaval access is a safe approach as compared to other alternative access techniques, with lower risk of kidney injury and shorter hospital stay.

High fitness might be associated with the development of new-onset atrial fibrillation in obese non-athletic adults.

BACKGROUND: Data on the association between AF and fitness are conflicting. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this analysis was to investigate the association between fitness, obesity and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) among apparently healthy non-athlete adults. METHODS: We investigated 20 410 self-referred subjects who were annually screened in a tertiary medical centre. All subjects were free of AF and completed maximal exercise stress test according to the Bruce protocol at baseline. Fitness was categorised into age- and sex-specific quintiles (Q) according to the treadmill time. Subjects were categorised to low (Q1-Q2) and high fitness (Q3-5) groups. The primary end point was new-onset AF during follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 48 ± 10 years and 72% were men. A total of 463 (2.3%) events occurred during an average follow-up of 8 ± 5 years corresponding to an AF event rate of 0.3% per person year. Univariate and multivariate models showed that AF risk was similar in both fitness groups. However, AF event rate was 0.55% per person year among high fitness obese subjects, compared with 0.31% for low fitness obese subjects (P < .01). Subgroup interaction analysis showed that AF risk is obesity-dependent, such that in the obese group (≥30 kg/m2 ) high fitness was independently associated with a significant 79% increased AF risk (95% CI 1.15-2.78; P = .01), whereas among non-obese subjects the rate of events was similar between both fitness groups (P for interaction = (.02)). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high fitness might be associated with increased AF risk among obese subjects.

Validation of cardiac damage classification and addition of albumin in a large cohort of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

AIMS: We aimed to validate a new scoring system based on extent of cardiac damage for risk stratification in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in a real-world cohort and to examine the addition of baseline albumin in risk assessment. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated 2608 patients undergoing TAVR. Subjects were divided into five groups based on their echocardiography findings. Patients were further assessed by incorporating baseline albumin. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that each increase in stage was associated with significant increased risk of 1-year mortality (HR 1.37, 95%CI 1.23-1.54, p < .001). Among patients at increased stage (3-4), incorporation of baseline of albumin identified the highest risk group, such that each 1 decrement in albumin levels was associated with more than triple increase in mortality among patients at stage 3 and 4 (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.48-5.18, p-value = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac damage classification is validated in a real-world cohort of patients undergoing TAVR. Incorporation of low baseline albumin may further identify patients at the highest risk group. CONDENSTED ABSTRACT: We evaluated 2608 patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in order to validate a new scoring system dividing patients in to 5 stages (0-4) based on extent of cardiac damage. Patients were further assessed by incorporating baseline albumin. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that each increase in stage was associated with significant increased risk of 1-year mortality. Furthermore, among patients at increased stage (3-4), incorporation of baseline of albumin identified the highest risk group, such that each 1 decrement in albumin levels was associated with more than triple increase in mortality among patients at stage 3 and 4.

Percutaneous nitinol-based vascular closure device for large bore arterial access hemostasis: Results of a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Vascular complications during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) still pose a significant concern regarding procedural safety. Designated closure devices for large-bore vascular access are needed. METHODS: Patients undergoing TAVR were prospectively enrolled into the study. The InSeal vascular closure device (VCD) achieves hemostasis by utilizing a crescent-shaped nitinol scaffold covered by a biodegradable membrane, which is delivered at the arterial puncture site. The coprimary endpoints were predefined as hemostasis within 15 min following vessel access site closure and after activated clotting time falls below 200 s and the rate of related major vascular adverse events in first month. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were prospectively enrolled into the study, with an average age of 80.8 ± 7.4 years and 62% males. Hemostasis with the Inseal VCD was achieved in 94% of the patients with average time-to-hemostasis of 51 ± 97 s. The rates of in-hospital vascular complications were 12% mostly driven by minor vascular complications (10%). Femoral artery stents were used in three patients due to failed hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Initial clinical experience indicates that a novel, nitinol-based, large-bore vascular closure device is safe and effective in achieving hemostasis after TAVR.

CHA2DS2-VASc score performance to predict stroke after acute decompensated heart failure with and without reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: To validate the utility of CHA2DS2-VASc score to predict the annual risk of stroke in patients admitted with acute heart failure, comparing those with preserved ejection fraction (HF-presEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HF-redEF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated 2922 patients with known atrial fibrillation who were admitted to the Sheba Medical Center for acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Anticoagulation therapy was prescribed based on CHA2DS2-VASc score or physician's discretion. Subjects were divided into four pre-specified groups based on HF type and median CHA2DS2-VASc score: HF-presEF with CHA2DS2-VASc <5(N = 731), HF-presEF with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥5 (N = 1102), HF-redEF with CHA2DS2-VASc <5 (N = 563), and HF-redEF with CHADS2-VASc ≥5 (N = 526). The primary endpoint was an ischaemic stroke at 1 year. Mean age of the study population was 79 ± 11 years, of whom more than half were women. The median CHA2DS2-VASc score for the entire study population was 5.0 (interquartile range 25-75%: 4-6). Stroke rate for the entire study population was 6.6%. Multivariate Cox regression proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that in both HF-redEF and HF-presEF patients, each one-point increment in CHA2DS2-VASc was associated with a corresponding 28% increase in stroke risk (P < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis revealed that in the same CHADS2-VASc category (high vs. low), no difference was found between HF-redEF and HF-presEF with regards to the risk of stroke. CONCLUSION: Our key finding is that the CHA2DS2-VASc score is a valid and powerful predictor of subsequent stroke among patients admitted with acute heart failure decompensation regardless of heart failure type.

Chronic kidney disease in adults with schizophrenia: A nationwide population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have recently reported an association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and schizophrenia, yet this association has not been sufficiently established. The aim of this study was to examine the association between schizophrenia and CKD in a large dataset, as well as to assess the level of accessibility of these patients to common treatments for CKD. METHOD: Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 27,516) and an equal number of age and sex frequency-matched controls were included in this nationwide population-based study. Logistic regressions and ROC curves were employed to assess the association between schizophrenia and CKD and the level of fit of the models. RESULTS: Schizophrenia was associated with CKD, after controlling for demographic, behavioral, and medical risk factors (OR = 1.62, CI 1.45-1.82, p < .0001). After adjusting for demographic and behavioral risk factors, CKD patients without schizophrenia were more likely to receive dialysis (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.18-2.44, p < .01) and kidney transplantation (OR = 5.43, 95% CI 2.84-10.38, p < .001) as compared to CKD patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: As CKD affects survival, quality of life, and medical and familial burden, additional thought should be given to detection of CKD, as well as to accessibility to treatment, among patients with schizophrenia.

Risk of death without appropriate defibrillator shock in patients with advanced renal dysfunction.

AIMS: Heart failure patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) may experience an increased rate of non-arrhythmic mortality due to associated comorbidities. We aimed to evaluate the risk of mortality without appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks in this high-risk population. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population comprised 3542 patients who received an ICD, were enrolled, and prospectively followed-up in the Israeli ICD registry. Study patients were categorized into two groups: those with advanced CKD [defined by a glomerular filtration rate of <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or being on dialysis at time of implantation (n = 197)], and those without advanced CKD (n = 3344). The primary endpoint was the risk of death without receiving appropriate ICD shock. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that at 5 years of follow-up the rates of death without prior ICD shock were significantly higher in the advanced kidney disease group (46%) compared with the non-advanced CKD group (19%; log-rank P-value <0.001). Consistently, multivariate analysis showed that the risk of death without receiving appropriate ICD shock therapy at 5 years was 2.5-fold (P < 0.001) higher among advanced CKD patients. In contrast, the rate of appropriate ICD shock therapy at 5 years among advanced CKD patients was only 9%, with a very high mortality rate (63%) within 3.5 years subsequent to shock therapy. CONCLUSION: Nearly one-half of ICD with advanced CKD die within 5 years without receiving an appropriate ICD shock. These findings stress the importance of appropriate patient selection for primary ICD implantation in this high-risk population.

Relation of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio to Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation.

Clinical and experimental data support a critical role for inflammation in cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relation between an inflammatory marker, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in asymptomatic adults. We investigated 21,118 self-referred men and women who were annually screened in a tertiary medical center. All subjects were free of AF at baseline and had their serum NLR calculated at the first annual visit. Subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their baseline NLR: Low (<2.83; n = 17,524) and high (≥2.83; n = 3,594; Upper Sextile). The primary endpoint was new onset AF during follow-up. Mean age of study population was 48 ± 10 years and 72% were men. A total of 563 (2.7%) incident events occurred during an average follow-up of 7.5 ± 5 years. Unadjusted Cox regression analysis demonstrated that each 1 unit increase in NLR was associated with a significant 14% increase in risk of occurrence of a first AF event (95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.23, p < 0.001) and 20% increased risk of death. Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis showed that the cumulative probability of incident AF was significantly higher among subjects with high NLR compared with low NLR group (p = 0.006). Interaction analysis with adjustment to clinical parameters showed that NLR-related risk was age-dependent, such that in the younger age-group (< =50 years) high NLR group had two folds increased risk for AF event compared with low NLR group (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 3.51; p = 0.027) whereas among older subjects the rate of events was similar between both NLR groups (p = NS; p for interaction = 0.024). In conclusion, our findings suggest that high NLR is associated with increased risk of new onset AF. This finding is more pronounced among young adults.

The effect of periprocedural beta blocker withdrawal on arrhythmic risk following transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of periprocedural beta-blocker (BB) discontinuation among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and high degree atrioventricular block (HD-AVB) and/or atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: The study population comprised 743 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR between 2009 and 2017 in two high-volume tertiary centers. All patients received chronic BB therapy, and were divided into two groups: (1) BB continuation and (2) BB discontinued 24 hr prior to the procedure. The primary endpoint was the development of composite brady and tachy-arrhytmic events (including HD-AVB and/or NOAF) following the procedure. RESULTS: Among 743 study patients, 366 (49%) continued BB prior to the procedure and in 377 (51%) chronic BB therapy was discontinued. The rate of the composite periprocedural arrhythmic event was significantly higher among patients who stopped BB (20% vs. 13%, respectively, P = 0.018). Consistently, multivariate analysis showed that discontinuation of BB was associated with two-fold (P = 0.003) increase in the risk for periprocedural arrhythmic events (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.24-3.23; P = 0.004). The association between BB discontinuation and periprocedural arrhythmic events was consistent for the separate endpoints for HDAV and NOAF. Furthermore, the need for permanent pacemaker was significantly higher among patients who discontinued BB (20% vs. 13%; P = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing TAVR who receive chronic BB therapy, BB discontinuation prior to the procedure is independently associated with a significant increase in the rate of adverse arrhythmic events, including HDAVB, NOAF, and the need for pacemaker implantation.